Must Lawyers Always Be Right?

In the film Thank You For Smoking, we meet handsome, smooth-talking Nick Naylor, lobbyist for the tobacco industry. In an early scene, we find Nick at home one evening helping his son with a school essay project, “Why is American Government the Best Form of Government?” Nick challenges the premise of the question, i.e., How do we know it’s the best? How do measure “best” anyway? Nick encourages his son to reject the premise of the assignment. Instead, his son should create an entirely new premise to change the subject and control the issue.

It is here that Nick introduces what he calls his “BS” argument ethos, telling his son no one can possibly answer the homework question in the mere two pages allotted, so he should write about whatever he wants to fill the pages. Pick any subject or practice America performs well, he tells his son, then make an argument. If he argues well, he can “never be wrong.” That’s “the beauty of argument,” Nick triumphantly concludes.

The finest example of Nick’s argument ethos comes near the end of the first act as father and son walk-and-talk in Los Angeles where Nick has been sent to woo Hollywood in service of big tobacco’s campaign to encourage smoking. His son finally asks what a lobbyist does. Nick tells him the job requires “moral flexibility” that goes beyond most people. Seeking to please his father, the young boy asks if he too has flexible morals like his dad.

Nick answers by floating the example of the lawyer who must defend a child murderer. The law says everyone gets a fair trial; shouldn’t corporations get fair hearings too, asks Nick? We watch yet again as Nick moves the rhetorical goalpost. He conflates fundamental constitutional due process in criminal cases with private corporate lobbying in the court of public opinion, just to name one false analogical move. But by seeking a different or higher level of generalization or value abstraction (procedural fairness over individual guilt), Nick reframes the argument on terms everyone will agree. After all, who isn’t for fairness?

Sensing his father’s fallacious ploy, the boy asks what if you’re wrong? To which Nick replies with a grin, “You can never be wrong if it’s your job to be right.” Nick then serves up one more illustration of his ethics on how to argue: chocolate vs. vanilla ice cream. 

If you can’t win the argument whether chocolate is better than vanilla, Nick begins, then change the terms of that argument. “You want only one flavor, just chocolate? Don’t we need more than just that one flavor? Shouldn’t we all have freedom and choice to enjoy many flavors. That’s liberty for us all . . .” And so it goes.

The son reminds his father that they weren’t actually talking about freedom and liberty. They were talking about ice cream. Nick says, yes, but liberty and freedom are what “I’m taking about.” Control the issue, reframe the premise, never be wrong. Show that the other side is wrong, and then you win, as Nick would put it

Lawyers know all these dubious moves well. We too fall prey to the same easy but often false rhetoric of persuasion. Like Nick, we can confuse the sense of “being right” with factual accuracy and even moral rectitude. They are not the same. But Nick doesn’t care. He only uses argument as a way to get what he wants, not as a way to truth, problem solving, or consensus, to name a few of argument’s more salutary uses. Argument for Nick simply means “spin” designed to “win.”

Nick actually doesn’t argue well in the formal sense, but rather argues cunningly and manipulatively. Most of his “arguments” are fallacious and in bad faith. He changes the subject, attacks the person, ignores counter-evidence, creates straw arguments and attributes false premises to his opponent. He’s a kind of argument super-villain who claims to be following the rules of argument when in fact he’s doing so in name only, turning arguments on their heads as weapons in a verbal game.

In the end, Nick is a bullshit artist. He doesn’t care about the truth. He cares only about spinning his client’s interests in the most positive light while also impugning his opponents in the most negative one. Argument is a zero-sum game for Nick. The only point to argument is to “win” by showing the other side is wrong. Nick makes it his job to be right, so that he can never be wrong. He sets up every argument so only he can win.

The cruel irony for Nick, and for those who adopt a similar ethics of argument, is that they are always playing a losing game. Nick’s “you can never be wrong if your job is to be right” is, first of all, very poor logic, as a moment’s reflection will reveal. But, more importantly, his “never be wrong” mantra is self-refuting and ultimately self-defeating. Our ability to argue necessarily entails the likelihood of error. It is built into us. There is no escaping it. Denying that reality is not a workable long-term strategy. It is a pitiful short term one too. If right and wrong are simply verbal placeholders for our desire to win, show others wrong, or grasp at some predetermined endgame, then argument becomes willy-nilly rhetorical jousting or, worse still, mere means to self-involved ends. Our satisfaction – the feeling of being right – is the poorest measure of truth, let alone morality. 

So, what becomes of the arguer who adopts Nick’s “BS” ethos? Like Nick, he or she runs the greater risk of becoming just as vacuous as the verbal game being played. Worse still, that game leads to a lonely existence. It is eventually that vacuous loneliness that reminds us of an ancient lesson for lawyers, one too often re-learned the hard way (at least for this lawyer). Our job is not to be right or to show others to be wrong. Au contraire, Nick. Our job is to humbly aim our arguments in the direction of truth, accept our inevitable failure to hit that mark, and then take aim again – together. 

Empathy Reform in Legal Writing

Lawyers must start acting less lawyerly when they write. Lawyers should instead seek to imagine the most charitable version of the other party’s interests and how they would feel when reading our writing. We should tune our ethical imaginations to the likely emotional responses of both the other lawyer and client to whom we write. In other words, we seek a kind of “empathy reform” in our legal writing, the quality of understanding and sharing the feelings of another. We reflect back to our audience their feelings, not ours.

Some might argue that empathy reform in legal writing threatens our duty of loyalty or advocacy to the client. It does not. It fosters the opposite. Empathy makes us better advocates. Empathy is another way of reminding us to simultaneously “know our audience” and the other side of the argument. Both are hallmarks of effective advocacy. Empathy helps us understand what motivates and drives the other parties in any legal transaction or conflict. Only through such understanding can we hope to resolve the conflict or transaction on emotionally satisfying terms, in addition to legal, factual or financial ones. And it is the emotional dimension that most often undergirds the possibility of repair in human relations. 

As we apply this mindset to our legal writing, we might begin our next email, letter or brief by stating the most favorable version of the other party’s emotions. Let’s be as charitable as possible. Let’s attribute good faith, good will and good meaning to the other side. Let’s place ourselves in their emotional space. Consider beginning with, “You are right to feel . . .” or “I understand your feeling of . . .” or similar expressions of sincere, well-considered empathy. We can also describe what feelings animate our own writing or the emotional valence of our client, not as a perch from which to preach our moral or legal rectitude, but as an invitation to mutual empathy. Nothing further should be said until we’re clear on how each sides feels. We should of course still advocate, argue and debate in our writing as needed, among the other reasons we write as lawyers. Only now we do so from the perspective that invites all sides to understanding even while they might disagree. We thereby presuppose the conditions to give and receive empathy.

Legal Writing – Theme is Heart of Your Writing

As “literary lawyers” who learn from the best fiction and nonfiction writing techniques, we should keep in mind the lively importance of theme in our writing. This recent law-lit piece delves deeper into the meaning of theme and how to develop meaningful themes in your legal writing: theme heart of legal writing

Best Lawyers, Best Writers

storyThe best lawyers are the best writers. Such lawyers command the technical and professional skills required of all legal writers, while also deploying the sometimes subtle tools of narrative nonfiction and novel writers. Those writer’s tools include a sense of character, conflict and story arch that drive all moving stories. The tools also involve story structure, plot development, and scene setting, among others. Yet those tools are rarely taught in law school legal writing courses. Law & Literature seeks to highlight the usefulness and enjoyment of storytelling for legal writers, without sacrificing the professional, ethical and technical sophistication required of the best legal writing.  Let us all strive to become better “legal storytellers.”

Law & Literature: Lawyer Storytelling

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We can understand the law, like our own lives, through stories. After all, humans are the “storytelling animal,” as many have noted. But understanding this central truth about us is not enough, if we are to become the most capable advocates.

We must also study the essential structures and key ingredients that make the best stories effective.

How do stories work and why? What time-tested narrative principles best serve stories? What are some of the best stories ever told and why have they lasted so long, memorably convincing so many readers? And, just as important for the legal advocate, how can the answers to these and other law-lit questions guide our own truthful storytelling on behalf of clients?

Law & Literature can provide meaningful, useful answers for lawyers – the “storytelling animal” whose nature matches his or her calling.

Law and Literature: the Pleasures of Reading

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Studying law is intellectually rewarding, no doubt. But it can be stultifying at times. After years of reading dusty legal opinions and prolix statutes, we crave good drama in the law.

We miss the powerful stories that interest us most – the characters, conflicts, and plots that breathe life into our laws.

We miss the human, empathetic side of law – the people embroiled in legal conflict, their messy emotions and contradictions.

We miss connection to larger questions of justice, truth, and meaning – morality and law, foundations of law, duty to obey law.

Law and Literature reminds us that these questions, emotions and stories are as vital to our understanding and experience of law as the statutes, legal opinions, and regulations that dominate our legal education.

Law and Literature also helps us become better writers – an immensely important legal skill – by learning from the best writers in fiction and nonfiction.

Law and Literature confronts us with ethical dilemmas that thoughtful lawyers must recognize and resolve.

Above all, though, Law and Literature is fun. We read great stories. We enjoy them. We talk about them. We write about them. We learn from them. The stories will challenge us to reexamine and reimagine our most fundamental assumptions and beliefs about law, our legal system, and the life of a lawyer.

Welcome to Law and Literature!

books-wallpaper-books-to-read-28990406-1024-768Do you wonder whether your legal education and your legal career can be part of a deeper, more integral vision of the law?

A vision of law that embraces as much of your imagination as intellect?

As much emotion and intuition as analysis and synthesis?

And as much story as rules, doctrines, and legal thinking?

If these questions spark some wonder in you, then you have come to the right place.

Law-Lit’s 3 promises:

  1. You will learn helpful, meaningful things about law, which is to say about yourself and your relationship with law. Law is far more than a set of rules and doctrines to guide social conduct.
  2. Law is a way of life, an ethical undertaking, an intellectual and emotional and – just as important for our study together- imaginative calling.
  3. This imaginative perspective combines stories, writing, and values about law in great literature with your conventional legal studies to deepen and enrich your education.

But law-lit doesn’t merely promise to improve your experience in, and of, the law, it promises also to improve your experience of legal education and practice.

Yes, law-lit makes the bold claim that you will have fun reading, contemplating, and discussing great works of fiction and nonfiction about the law.

Imagination, enrichment, and fun thus serve as our guiding lights toward . . .

Law-Lit’s 3 goals:

  1. To become better legal storytellers.
  2. To become better legal writers and communicators.
  3. To become more ethically attuned to the challenges and rewards of our legal careers.

Law-Lit: Telling Better “Legal Stories”

images-2A winning legal argument works much like a compelling story. So much so, in fact, that we might say their overlapping functions follow their shared forms. These underlying forms are by no means equivalent, but their matching anatomy reveals how both good stories and good lawyers win us over.

Let’s take story first. What makes a riveting story? At least five essentials:

  1. Setting: selected details to create a story world that invokes our senses and suspends our disbelief
  2. Character: people who engender our empathy, who want or need, who struggle, and who change through conflict
  3. Structure: conflict-driven and causally connected events that culminate in success or failure for the characters
  4. Theme: a moral premise or underlying message about how we should live our lives
  5. Style: the artist’s stamp of skill, creativity, and expertise that lends to the story’s believability

Now compare the essentials of legal argument, broadly speaking. What ingredients yield the most persuasive legal positions?images-1

  1. Details: selected facts to invoke our senses relevant to the legal dispute, or what we call “legally relevant facts”
  2. Motives: parties in the legal dispute must engender our empathy – we must understand their needs, wants, and goals
  3. Coherence: conflict-driven legal reasoning (i.e., legal argument) coupled with story to create “narrative-driven argument”
  4. Theme: a moral premise or underlying message about how we should live our lives
  5. Credibility: the lawyer’s believability, stemming from skill, practical wisdom, knowledge, and expertise

As we see, these two structures track one another in meaningful ways:

  • Details – Setting: we select the right details to invoke the senses and create a believable, engaging world
  • Motive – Character: we engender empathy for the struggling people at the center of this conflicted world
  • Coherence – Structure: the conflict resolves through striving, confrontation, and change
  • Theme – Theme: moral underpinning that gives larger meaning and connection to us
  • Credibility – Style: skill, expertise, and credibility show in the work, the work of a professional who cares

imagesNot a perfect overlap, by any means, but surely one worthy of our further study and reflection. The key differences, too, deserve our attention. This is yet another law-lit mission for us – to improve our understanding and practice of both law and literature by exploring their fundamental forms. These forms might help us tell better “legal stories” to serve our clients and the legal system, never failing our overarching duty to truthfulness and justice.

Law-Lit’s Mission: Imagination, Emotion, Story

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  1. We revive our moral imaginations and intellectual empathy to compliment legal reason as a path to solving law’s problems.
  2. We engage our emotional and intuitive faculties as foundations for sound judgments in law.
  3. We discover storytelling, along with fiction and nonfiction techniques, as routes to understanding law and better writing in the legal profession.
  4. We aim to become more adept with stories, reading, and writing to enhance communication and persuasion.
  5. We seek to ethically attune ourselves to the rewards and challenges of a fulfilling career – if not a calling – in the law.

3 Reasons We Need Law and literature

  • To do Justice!  “That’s not my job, my job is to apply the law,” famously retorted Oliver Wendell Holmes. Hence the conventional view of law: we apply known rules to guide conduct and make results predictable. Justice is secondary, if it concerns us at all. But this view disappoints, leaves us cold. We need to commit ourselves to seeking justice. We need a live debate about fairness and reason in law. We share responsibility for justice, not to hide behind our professional masks, our lawyerly jargon, and our habitual responses to legal problems. We should not leave justice to lawyers only, certainly not of the Holmes variety, but should include other voices. Literature offers many wise voices. We should listen to them.
  • To know injustice. Stories focus on particular, concrete instances of injustice. It is easier to know injustice than justice. Broad legal generalizations and rules can seem vapid, incomplete by comparison. Exposing ourselves vicariously through literature to concrete harm, loss and unfairness refines our sense of injustice. Such exposure tests our general legal propositions. And it prompts us to imagine how law might change to rectify injustice. Telling stories can ignite our moral imaginations.
  • To stop cruel formalism. Forms used to seek justice can themselves be infected with cruelties and frailties that produce injustice. We must examine our legal system’s penchant for formulaic, pat approaches to legal problems. We must counter consistency, predictability and efficiency with the realities – if not virtues – of flux and uncertainty at the core of most efforts to seek justice. This is not to deny the preeminent values of our legal system, but rather to embrace the humility that should accompany our various legal forms, procedures and rules. Literature can chasten and instruct us.

See Outside The Law: Narratives on Justice in America by Susan Richard Shreve and Porter Shreve, Editors (Beacon Press Boston, 1997) (My summary above draws from and distills the book’s introduction by Martha Minow).